Tag: electrical conduits and fittings

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One of the key to proper electrical wiring installation is the use of correct letters and colors of electrical wires. These specifications of electrical wires need to be followed accurately in order for the electrical appliance, unit or system to function safely and efficiently.

The different colors of electrical cables will tell the purpose of the wires. Those in black are at all times utilized as hot wires. They are frequently used for switch legs and may be fed to an outlet or switch. These wiring must never be used in ground or neutral connections.

Red wires are used like black ones. They are utilized as hot wires or switch legs such as that in ceiling fans. Electrical installations of circuits that run on 220 volt power, reds serve as second hot-wires. Wires in red color are also applied as the wire that interconnects hardwired detectors for smoke.

Other colors utilized as hot wires are yellow and blue colored. They are frequently heaved in conduits. Switches with 3 or 4 way applications which are commonly installed for travelers are used with blue wires. Fans and light switches also have switch legs in blue wiring. Generally, yellow colored wirings are used as switch legs for controlling units such as fans, light and other outlets that require switches.

Bare or exposed copper cables as well as green wires are basically utilized for grounding installations. Such will be connected to grounding units and devices or linked to a junction box and appliances intended for safety reasons.

In some instances, wiring colors are also applied in electrical wiring installation that does not adhere to the general rules of wiring. A white for example, that is inside a cable with 2 conductors is utilized as succeeding hot wire in an outlet or appliance running on 240 volts. Whites may also be used as switch leg in a 3-way switch or lighting fixture. It is important to properly mark it to indicate that it is used for such application other than being a neutral wire. The end of the wire may be simply attached with red or black electrical tape.

Aside from the colors, they also have letter specifications that will indicate the wire’s traits and purposes. A wire labeled THWN is fire and heat resistant. The insulation can very well be utilized in either damp or dry settings but not in wet areas. THHN are frequently used in installations of conduits found in residential and commercial areas. They have a nylon insulation that makes the wires smaller and more flexible than wires with rigid plastic insulation. THW labeled wiring are also heat and fire resistant as well as moisture retardant. These wires can be used in wet, damp or dry applications. Underground feeds which are likely exposed to moisture are ideally used with this type of wires. XHHN wires are for service entrance applications.

The letter T means that that cable has thermoplastic insulation. H denotes that it can resist heat. HH is an indication that it can resist heat and may endure higher temperature ratings of up to 194 F. W denotes that it may be used in wet or damp locations but may also be suitable in dry applications. X means the wire is made with fire-proof synthetic polymer and N means nylon insulation covers the wire.

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If you don’t care about being safe and the safety of others around you while you weld, then you are an inconsiderate Putz and you don’t want to read what I have to say here.

But if you are interested in protecting the eyesight of others with a one-time small investment of time and money, then read on.

I am talking about making portable welding curtains out of conduit, square tubing, angle iron, or even PVC pipe. A portable welding screen that will block UV light but still let the welder to see possible dangers like a forklift going by or an overhead crane getting too close.

Most welders make the frames for their portable welding screen from metal because..I mean..hello! they are welders.

The first thing to do is determine the size of the actual welding curtain. Then measure and cut the metal to make a rectangle that is slightly bigger than the welding curtain without the frame.

Then cut 2 pieces for the outrigger legs that support the stand for the welding screen. Square up the rectangle and weld. The attach the bottom outrigger legs. I have seen some portable welding screens that have 4 large ball bearings welded on to let them slide easily in the floor. I have also seen very small casters attached to allow for easy movement. But none of this is necessary. The portable welding blind will be very light and easy to move around.

Once you are done welding, get some zip ties and fasten the welding curtain to the frame.

You are done. In less than one hour you can easily complete a portable welding screen from start to finish.

Now that is a worthwhile investment.

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Although you can still purchase halogen bulbs, not all types are in production these days. So, it’s a good idea to opt for LED bulbs instead. If you don’t know, given below are a few prominent benefits of switching to the new technology.

Long Life

The most prominent benefit of LEDs is that they stand the test of time. On average, they can last up to 100,000 hours. With normal usage, these bulbs can be good for up to 15 hours. By normal usage, we mean keeping them on for 8 hours a day. Unlike incandescents or halogens, they don’t lose brightness or burn out with time.

Energy-Efficiency

LEDs are the best bulbs as far as energy efficiency is concerned. According to experts, they provide up to 90% efficiency. In other words, they can turn at least 80% of their energy into bright light. So, a very small amount of energy is wasted in the form of heat.

Even if you put hundreds of these units in your house, you can recover your investment in just 12 months as you won’t have to pay high utility bills.

Ecologically-Sound

Unlike other light bulbs, LEDs leave out dangerous compounds or elements, such as mercury. Aside from this, they can be easily recycled, which means they can reduce their carbon footprint by 30%. Since they stand the test of time, they can help you save on production and material costs.

Tough and Durable

Since these units are made with components and materials that are solid and sturdy, they can withstand abrasion, vibrations, shocks and harsh weather. Therefore, people are adopting them for various applications.

Zero UV Emissions

UV emissions are not good for many reasons. LEDs emit only a very small amount of infra-red light. Therefore, they are an ideal choice for cupboards and storage facilities. These units don’t tend to degrade the stored materials due to zero UV emission and heat.

Design Flexibility

You can place and combine LED lights in numerous ways for illumination and efficiency. You can easily control the distribution, brightness, shade, and color. This way you can create lighting that is energizing, uplifting, and soothing.

Extreme Temperatures

In cold or hot temperatures, LEDs can work without any temperature. Unlike fluorescent or incandescent lights, these bulbs can withstand heat and cold very well. So, they can be a reliable choice.

Instant Operation

When turned on, LEDs produce full brightness instantly. Moreover, you can switch them on and off as many times as you want. On the other hand, other types of light sources take some time to give full brightness. Also, if you turn them on and off many times, their lifespan will decrease.

Low Power Consumption

Since LEDs don’t require a lot of power, they are a good choice for outdoor use. For instance, you can install them in gardens, camps, and rooms.

So, these are a few prominent benefits that you can enjoy if you opt for LEDs to illuminate your house. Just make sure you buy from a trustworthy and reliable seller.

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When deciding to purchase a lamp for your piano, it is very important to take a little time to gather some information about the different types of lamps that are available. There are many differences among piano lamps, and in order to make the best choice, you should know what the different lamps have to offer.

Even before you do research on piano lamps, you should organize a list of things that will meet your piano lighting needs. The following is a short list of things to consider:

· Know your type of piano (grand piano, vertical, etc.)

· How much light (wattage) do you require

· What style lamp do you prefer

· What form of lighting technology do you like (incandescent, LED, etc)

· What color and design best fits your piano and room decor

First on the above list is to know your piano type. This may seem overly simple, but may get confusing for some folks. It is easy to tell the difference between a grand piano and an upright piano. Some confusion may arise when trying to determine the difference between a spinet, console, studio, or full upright. Without getting into specific measurements, it will help with your lamp choice if you know the height of your piano. Simply measure from the floor to the top of the instrument. This is important because some piano lamps work better with shorter pianos, and others with taller uprights. For example, if you have a piano that measures 48″ or higher, one of the best lamp choices is a Low Profile Lamp. These lamps have a short stem that positions the shade closer to the music. If you have a tall upright piano and you were to choose a lamp that has a shade positioned high above its base, you may find that the light is actually too far away from the music. Make sure you know your piano type and height before you begin to search for a lamp.

The second item on the list has to do with wattage, and knowing how much light you require. Some folks like a very bright lamp, and others prefer less light. House of Troy Piano Lamps offer you different wattage amounts, with some having the flexibility to use both lower wattage and higher ones. In general, lamps with an output of 60-80 watts provide plenty of light to clearly read any sheet music or music book.

Choosing the lamp style has a much to do with your piano type. If you have a grand piano, you will want to look at the specially designed grand piano lamps. There are 3 basic varieties. The clip on or clamp lamp attaches to the music desk (also called the music shelf or music holder). These lamps have special clamps that are lined with a soft cushion material so they will not harm your piano. Counter balance lamps have a solid base and a long arm with attached shade. They are designed to sit on either side of the music desk (either side) and the arm reaches out to place the shade directly over the music. The third type of lamp for a grand piano is a Piano Floor Lamp. These lamps sit on the floor on either side of the instrument, and they have a long arm that places the shade of the lamp over the music. If you have an upright piano, the first thing to do is to measure the height of the piano, and then search for an upright lamp that will best fit your pianos height. Low profile lamps work great on taller uprights. Standard upright lamps, which are adjustable in height, work well on shorter or mid-size pianos (spinets and consoles).

There are different types of lighting technology being used today. Among the choices are incandescent lighting (household lighting) which uses incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lighting, halogen, and LED lighting technology, which is much more energy efficient and has no need for bulb replacement.

The last thing on our short list is choosing a design to your liking. This is a very personal choice, which is influenced by the color and style of your piano, as well as the look and feel of the room which the piano is in. Fortunately House of Troy has a wide array of lamp designs and colors to choose from within each of their categories of lamps.

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I developed this irrigation repair technique out of desperation. A sprinkler head had launched itself out of the ground right beside me one day and landed in a potted plant. The resulting geyser was spectacular, but the location was horrible!

The area around this particular sprinkler head was surrounded in paving stone and brick, and worse, right up against a fence. To make things harder, I had installed a french-drain only a foot away! The riser’s nipple was missing. Sure enough, a replacement stand-pipe wouldn’t even begin to screw in! Obviously, the broken off part of the nipple was stuck in the t-connector – deep underground! Before I developed this technique, I would have had to dig lateral trenches about 2′ long on each side of the connector, cut the supply lines off each end of the connector, added a sleeve and spacer, then glued in a replacement t-connector. Not this time! There was too much involved in digging this connector out of the ground!

I have a special purpose tool I’d bought from The Home Depot just for this problem. It’s the PVC variant of an “easy-out.” Unfortunately, it wouldn’t work! I couldn’t get enough pressure (the connector was buried just about the extractor’s full length), and I kept scraping my knuckles against a fence post. The stand-pipe wasn’t PVC, it was vinyl. It was so slick, the knife edges of the extractor wouldn’t bite into the inside edge.

But vinyl melts! I have a 1200 watt heat gun I’d bought for paint stripping. The extractor’s tip is metal and by using this heat gun, I got the extractor’s tip hot. Real hot. Sizzling hot! By pushing the extractor straight down the hole, it gently melted into the broken off nipple – deep underground! I let it set and cool for a few minuets before giving it a twist. Two seconds later, the broken off nipple was extracted!

After screwing in a replacement riser, I cycled the irrigation pump to that zone to rinse out all of the dirt that had fallen into the connector. I put a new sprinkler head on the replacement riser, and guess what? That irrigation repair was done. Not only done, I didn’t have to dig one spade of dirt!

The trick was heating up the extractor’s tip hot enough to melt into the broken off vinyl nipple to get a grip.

A few weeks later, I had a different problem. I had mounted new window boxes along one side wall of my home and wanted to use my in-ground irrigation system to water the new flowers. I had a capped off riser right where I need to place a 4′ riser. Unfortunately, this was an old steel riser that I’d bumped into several times with the mower, and when I removed the pipe it left the t-connector’s threads stripped and choked with rust-scale! Unlike most of my irrigation repair projects, this line is very shallow. Shallow enough for me to scrape away the top to really see the damage.

There wasn’t anything I could do to thread the new riser into place, I was going to have to replace the t-connector – or maybe not. I have a pretty complete shop and I have metal working tools to tap holes for screw threads, or cut outside threads for bolts. Since I had to go to The Home Depot or Lowe’s anyway for a replacement t-connector, why not see if they had a tool for pipe threads?

The staff at Lowe’s laughed when I asked them for a tool to cut internal 1/2″ pipe thread for an underground PVC t-connector! Their only advice was to dig it up and replace it. No Way! The staff at The Home Depot didn’t laugh out loud, but they also suggested replacement fittings.

I did buy the fittings, but I also found the perfect tool – an 18″ length of 1/2″ steel pipe! Once again, the 1200 watt heat gun came to the rescue. By heating the pipe end, the thread section, I was able to plunge it into the buried t-connector. It sizzled as it sank in and I quickly worked it in deeper as I screwed it into place. Without letting it sit, I unscrewed the steel pipe to prevent it from welding into place. I repeated this operation several times until all of the pipe’s threaded section was within the t-connector’s nipple.

Guess what? The new replacement 4′ PVC riser threaded itself right in! By using heat, pressure, and steel threads, I was able to partially melt the underground t-connector and cut new threads. Not a spade full of dirt was dug up for this irrigation repair!

Since then, I’ve helped neighbors with their irrigation repair projects that left them amazed – “you can actually cut new threads underground without having to dig” – Wow, thanks Bill, real big thanks!

Not all irrigation repairs can use this technique. Let’s face it, if the t-connector’s nipple or connecting pipes crack or break, you will have to dig. But try this tip first and see if it works. You’ll know within minuets if there’s a more serious problem. You’ll get wet standing there, but you’ll quickly see upwelling around the sprinkler head in operation if there’s a broken pipe or cracked nipple. Oh well, at least you gave it a try!

I’ve had this cheap $20 heat gun for more than twenty years. Not only does it do a great job lifting paint, I’ve used it for boat electrical repairs (heat-shrink tubing), removing self-adhesive vinyl tile, contact paper, and sanding disks, and even starting fires in my charcoal pit. This is NOT a hair dryer – keep safe, keep it away from you at all times!

In conclusion, I was able to use my cheap heat gun and cheaper steel pipe to apply enough heat and pressure to re-mold stripped out internal threads, and enough raw heat to let another tool’s edges cut into material that without that tool, would have required digging lots of dirt for these simple irrigation repair projects!

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Andrew Chase is a sculptor in his free time, and is a commercial photographer as well as furniture maker career in Salt Lake City where he also lives with his family and cats. Andrew is an assemblage artist who creates metal sculptures created from recycled auto and plumbing pieces, and takes anywhere from 80 to 120 hours from beginning to completion.

Cheetah is a piece of metal sculpture that Chase has created, weighing in at almost 50 pounds. Construction is made up of many different transmission pieces, steel and electrical conduits that he reclaimed. This piece is completely moveable and offers each joint the possibility of creating a new position. With green eyes staring into the abyss, Cheetah is a magnificent creature brought to life by the skilled hands of on Andrew Chase.

Elephant is yet another piece of fantastic metal sculpture created by Chase. With moveable ears, this African elephant weighs in at 110 pounds and took almost 100 hours to create. Made from cold rolled steel, plumbing pipes as well as transmission parts and electrical conduit, the elephant’s joints will all move and lock into place. A gear on the side winds a small cable that allows the trunk to be raised and lowered for your enjoyment. Sitting, standing or raring up on hind quarters, Elephant is a tribute to the beauty of what can be created when articulation meets reclaimed materials.

Andrew Chase created Giraffe from sheet steel, transmission parts, plumbing pipes and conduit to allow for realistic movement. A removable crank allows the neck to rise, while lifting the tail will lower the neck. Each joint is moveable and will lock into place for positioning, as his blue eyes look at you with wonderment. Recycled gears and cogs work together to create yet another metal sculpture masterpiece.

Andrew Chase offers his works for sale across the internet, and accepts commissioned pieces as well. One gallery in particular holds these three pieces, and can be contacted about their purchase. With so many wonderful pieces of exquisite art created from an array of metal sculpture media, choosing one may be a hard task. Andrew has many years of welding and furniture construction to aid him in the highly talented and breathtaking collections he has created over the years. Throughout his career as a photographer, Chase has come into contact with many creatures that exhibited a feature or expression which he still carries to this day. The inspiration for his carefully crafted metal sculptures comes not only from the pictures he has taken, but from the depths of his heart where the creatures still frolic.

The next time you come across a sheet of metal, an old transmission or see a plumbing job being completed, Andrew Chase will come to mind. His media is chosen by taking some of the least recycled materials and putting new life into them through his art. These pieces would make any collector proud to own, and will add new life to any collection.

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The market is flooded with a variety of lighting options, but the ones which have recently gained great popularity are the LEDs that are Light Emitting Diodes. LEDs are simple inventions in the lighting industry but with great potential. LEDs are the future of the lighting industry. With an increasing need to safeguard our natural resources, it has become our prime duty to start contributing to the global shift. LEDs have been known as more energy efficient alternatives to the traditional lighting systems and are far more controllable and visually appealing than compact fluorescent bulbs. LED lights are also cool to the touch and don’t contribute to increasing in temperature in your house.

Another spike in the performance and overall appeal has been made by the introduction of smart lighting solutions that allow lights to be app controlled. This opens a whole range of opportunities for you to control as well as beautify your space with lights.

As these smart LED bulbs are way more expensive than incandescent bulbs or halogens, using them in the interior design of your home is often overlooked or avoided. These smart LED lamps although in there evolving phase, have various long-term benefits to offer which may justify the extra cost:

• Visual Treat: The smart LED lights when placed at the right place, with a right Color temperature range, make your space a visual treat. The magnificent colours, the range of lights and various shades create a great effect together. You can even choose colour schemes to suit your mood or theme of the occasion. Your choice of LED lighting for home can be lots of fun only if you choose to invest in the lighting solutions of tomorrow.

• Lifespan: Smart LED lights tend to have a longer lifespan when compared to other traditional sources. They last almost as much as 25 times longer than incandescent bulbs.

• Energy Saver: LED lights are the smart combination of technology that helps save energy to a great extent. They burn almost 75 per cent less energy compared to incandescent. This is one such property which makes these smart LED lights future of the lighting systems.

• Expensive yet cost-effective: As the technology is still in its initial phases, the comparative usage of smart LED bulbs is a costly affair. But running for a longer lifespan and saving more energy makes up for the initial investment.

• Shapes and Sizes: The smart LED bulbs are made up of crystals and not gas or a vacuum, it can take any shape and sizes. They come in various forms and sizes like tubes, pots, panels, strings etc. The most popular one is the way they are used in the form of flexible strips which are used to illuminate the edges, corners or circled around any object.

• Easy installation and outreach to dark distant corners: The smart LED lights being thin and flexible can reach various such places where normal traditional bulbs can’t reach, like drawers, cabinets. This very property makes them extremely useful, as they help and shed some light under your bed or at the back of your fridge, where it would have been difficult to place any light otherwise.

• Colour Temperature range: Color Temperature Range offers a wide scope of selection and control over your interior design. It basically refers to the coolness or warmth of light. The LED lights can easily emulate daylight, or be a cool white, or a warm white or various other temperature settings. This Color temperature range helps in setting the warmth and overall feel of the space. They come in every colour from ultra-violet and deep blues to warm reds and luscious greens. Adding them not only changes the colour of your space but also the temperature.

• Control Gear: you can easily set up for a control gear system that is remote technology to easily operate these smart LED lights of your entire space with the help of a remote, making it smart in every sense.

By using the above-mentioned properties, the smart LED bulbs work great for those who wish to change the overall look of their interiors. These lights if placed correctly, illuminate and add extra features to your space by completely merging into it and offering you full control.

Care needs to be taken while opting for the lights too, depending upon the space you will be using it like your living room, bedroom, kitchen or any other space. Every space has its own set of requirements and additional features. For Ex: a living room being such a place you get maximum visitors, should have an ambient light environment. But you can always surprise your visitors by creating beautiful designs and fascinating ceiling lights. By this, you are meeting your requirement of light along with great designs and beautiful features.

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The world is squeezing. The social media pack led by Facebook is the biggest reason behind this connecting of the real people of the real world in the virtual world of internet. Facebook in particular, lets its subscribers to connect, communicate and react to anything and everything going on the platform. The major reason that we are reading and trying to understand its marketing strategies is that it is huge and thus, unavoidable. It has 15% of the world population as subscribers, most of whom spend a wholesome hour there. Facebook can thus, act as a ‘link’ to connect with the global buyers and that too on the basis of their own preferences. It connects in the public zone supported by chat messengers for private conversations.If you are not on Facebook as a business, you need to get there as soon as possible. If you are already there, but seem to get lost without much revenue, you need to rethink your Facebook advertising campaign. These insights categorized on the basis of available marketing options on Facebook, can help you get there with the required impression and affectivity:

FACEBOOK PROFILE PAGES: Each business entity is allowed a page on Facebook which is connected to a base subscriber profile. A good profile picture (company logo) with a good cover photo gives the profile a visual character. Profile pages require constant and interesting updates, posts and links to blogs to stay updated and regularly feature in posts of people who ‘like’ them. Posting of images and videos in direct connectivity of your content also helps to put your point forward time and again.

FACEBOOK GROUPS: There exist various Facebook pages of groups with like minded habits, work, mindsets or requirements. Analyze the ones with activities closer to your business or with subscribers that may become your intended clients and join in as members. Regular posts to these groups helps you reach the groups subscriber’s feed directly. These groups generally have intrinsic rules for promotion. Stick to these rules and also post on their general discussions.

FACEBOOK ADVERTISEMENTS: The best way to advertise on Facebook is by paying it to play your ads in the feeds of your intended clientele. You have the option of choosing this clientele list on the basis of demographics, choices, hobbies, amongst others. Facebook marketing services can help you reach them in the most effective manner. These ads can also include a ‘call-to-action’ button that can directly help you promote sales.

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Since there are so many types of electrical wire in the industry you will have to determine where it’s going to be installed and how much power needs to run through it before buying anything. Certain cables are designed for indoor use while others are designed for outdoor use and their cost is directly affected by the amount they can handle. More work by engineers and higher manufacturing costs are the result of an outdoor or underground cable.

NMB stands for Non Metallic because there is a “metallic” electrical cable used outdoors and in conduit. The non metallic version is used indoor only at a much cheaper price. The ground wire doesn’t need to be insulated and the outer jacket doesn’t need too much protection. The main reason for the jacket is for the contractor to be able to run multiple electrical wires at once rather than individually.

UFB stands for Underground Feeder because it’s used for installations that are buried directly in the ground without conduit. It’s a flat cable and the tough PVC jacket covers each THHN wire individually for added protection. Again, this cable can be buried in the ground without conduit but it will be much more expensive than NMB cable because of the additional approvals and manufacturing costs.

There’s also an electrical cable in between these two, in cost, and in the environmental installation abilities. MC cable stands for Metal Clad which is the “metallic” cable mentioned above. The metallic (aluminum interlocked armor) jacket wraps around all of the THHN conductors allowing it to be used outdoors and in conduit applications. It also passes as its own conduit for indoor applications only. Many times a contractor will, first, need to run conduit and then install an NMB cable indoors. However, now they can simply buy MC cable and install it without conduit to save time. MC cable is NOT approved for direct burial in the ground.

Think of the 3 main electrical installations which are indoors, outdoors and underground. Additional approvals and requirements are needed for each environmental change. Also, more engineering and manufacturing costs are needed to make the more difficult cables like UFB Underground Feeder. The one thing they all have in common is the inner conductors of THHN THWN. The change is more in the jacket material than the inner conductor insulation because that’s where most of the protection comes from.

Make sure you speak to your wire and cable supplier before making a purchase so that you don’t over spend or possibly under estimate the amount of protection you need.

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When it comes to planning the construction of an industrial plant, or even an additional installation within it, the most important part is often left until the last minute to devise: the electrical system. Because these details were left out until needed, the parts used to create the lines is often more expensive than they need to be, because what is used is whatever is on hand at the moment, whether it will work or not. If this stage was as well planned as the rest, perhaps it would cost less, go smoother, and be more organized, all courtesy of using a cable tray instead of costly piping to shield the wiring.

Less Expensive

One of the biggest advantages that using a cable tray has is that it costs a lot less than other methods of protecting wiring cables on the production floor. Some production machines are run with numerous caustic or corrosive chemicals as a byproduct. If these are allowed to leak all over the cables during operation, it will not be too long before they will need to be replaced, sending production costs up once more. Some of the tray systems currently available can easily solve this problem, by either completely shielding them, or sweeping them up and out of the way.

Reliability

Because of their durability and efficient design, the wiring tray systems are simply more reliable than some of their long used counterparts, like galvanized or PVC conduit piping. Conduits are not invulnerable, and can be damaged during machine operation, just like the wiring bundles they are meant to protect. The tray systems, however, are designed to be flexible in installation, and can be placed anywhere adjacent to the machines they will serve, out of harm’s way.

Adaptability

Because trays and their installation kits are essentially designed to create an open cable storage system, it also makes for a highly adaptable system that can easily be fit into any industrial, mechanical, and electronic design. So adaptable, in fact, that they make expanding an existing system a literal piece of cake, with every single wiring bundle organized and easily accessible. Within a few hours, it could be possible to add to or move an entire operation, from the machinery to the earthing strip.

Maintenance

With a system so efficient and easy to use as the trays, it is no wonder that maintenance is also made easier by its use. The biggest draw for converting from a conduit system to one made up of trays is that all cables protected in this fashion will be instantly visible for maintenance checks. Instead of having to dismantle a series of pipes, all that is needed is to look, pick up, and replace.

Safety

A tray system is also less vulnerable to being a channel of hazardous byproducts. PVC conduits can build up moisture, over time, and channel it throughout, from the earthing strip to the production line connection. Conduit pipes also channel heat from an external fire directly into the insulation on the cables it protects. In comparison, yards of cable destroyed inside closed pipes, versus a few feet leading to an easily accessible tray.

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